Scientists worked on several substrate medias utilised in hydroponic systems, according to the examined literature. They also looked at different media combinations and their impact on crop development. Scientists have investigated several organic and inorganic media, such as cocopit, saw dust, rice husk vermiculite, perlite, hydroton, pumice, and sand, according to the reviewed literature. It was also discovered that these material are not readily, inexpensively, or regionally accessible to users. Aside from that, a few scientists investigated the physical and chemical features of this media, such as particle size, porosity, bulk density, wettability, water holding capacity (WHC), air filled porosity (AFP), electrical conductivity, and pH. Many scientists examined and reported on the crop specific appropriateness of numerous media mixture combinations. Salinity of medium induced linear reduction in water use, according to the evaluated research. The size and shape of the particle size distribution can be used to estimate the media's hydraulic characteristics. Long-term culture of the substrate increases organic matter content and microbial activity, resulting in increased oxygen competition in the root environment. According to the crop and its susceptibility to varied salinity levels, the ideal EC levels range from 1.5 to 4.0 dSm-1. It was also discovered that a growth medium temperature that is near to the ambient air temperature appears to be more suited. The optimum substrate has a total porosity of more than 85%. Smaller individual grain particles have a greater specific surface area.
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